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The third most common cancer worldwide¹, colorectal cancer is also highly preventable. Yet many patients are diagnosed only at advanced stages, when treatment becomes more complex with poorer outcomes.

What is colorectal cancer?

Colorectal cancer covers both colon (the longest part of the large intestine) and rectal cancers. It usually develops slowly over many years, starting as a small growth or polyp that can eventually turn cancerous.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer

• Changes in bowel movements
• Blood in the stool
• Persistent abdominal pain or cramping
• Unexplained weight loss
• Anaemia
• Fatigue or weakness

What are the risk factors?

• Diet high in processed and red meats 
• Low intake of fruit and vegetables 
• Excessive alcohol consumption 
• Smoking 
• Sedentary lifestyle 
• Obesity 
• Family history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel diseases 
• Risk increases significantly with age, especially after 50 

How to lower the risk

• Reduce red and processed meat 
• Eat more fruits and vegetables
• Maintain a healthy weight 
• Drink alcohol in moderation 
• Exercise regularly 
• Quit smoking 
• Go for regular screening 

Screening and detection

Because polyps can take 10 years to become cancerous, doctors have a crucial window to intervene. Screening options include:

FIT (Faecal Immunochemical Test): Detects hidden blood in stool.

Colonoscopy (Gold Standard): Inserts a fibre optic tube into the anus and through the large intestine to search for and remove polyps.

Computed Tomography (CT) Colonography: Uses X-rays to obtain an interior view of the colon.

Treatment

Surgery remains the mainstay, often using minimally invasive techniques. Advanced cancers may also need chemotherapy, targeted therapy or immunotherapy.